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American Civil War
Content
Causes of the American Civil War
There
were a series of significant events which greatly affected
States' Rights, Secession,
the Union, African
Americans
and accelerated the American
Civil War.
These historical events are commonly referred to as
the "Causes of the American Civil War" and are listed without significant
order:
States'
Rights* (Bill
of Rights and the 10th Amendment), High
Tariffs,
Nullification
Crisis,
Sectionalism,
Missouri
Compromise,
Kansas-Nebraska
Act,
Manifest
Destiny,
Compromise
of 1850 (which
included the controversial Fugitive
Slave Act),
Dred
Scott Case,
Bleeding Kansas,
Crittenden Compromise, John
Brown, and President
Abraham Lincoln's election (Lincoln
didn't receive a single Southern electoral vote).
*An
1800's historical perspective and context regarding state
identity and loyalty:
The
day after the firing on
Fort
Sumter,
the United States Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton,
directed that all United States Military Academy (West Point)
cadets must take a "new oath of allegiance."
Previously, each cadet had taken an "oath of allegiance to his respective
State." Now, they were required
to "swear feilty** to the United
States
paramount to any other state, county or political
entity." While the cadets were in full uniform, the
new oath was administered in the chapel in the presence
of the Academy staff.
**feilty
is an old English word that is not in all dictionaries
but is best equated to the modern word ‘fidelity’.
Robert
E. Lee had
rejected the offer to command the Union forces on
the grounds that he could not draw his sword against
his beloved home state
of Virginia. Lee
stated that his "loyalty
to Virginia ought to take precedence over that which
is due the Federal Government." He further proclaimed
that
he had no greater duty than to his native state of
Virginia.
Lee was a 4th generation Virginian, son of Henry
"Light Horse Harry" Lee
(one of George Washington's favorite lieutenants),
and Lee's wife, Mary Anne Custis, was the great granddaughter
of Martha Washington.
Today, most
people view and identify themselves as Americans.
During the 1800s, however, many identified and viewed
themselves as North Carolinian,
Virginians, Texans, Tennesseans, etc. Through the
ages, we, as a people, have evolved and placed a greater
emphasis on national identity.
Robert
E. Lee also had very strong family ties to the
South, and many of his relatives served in the
Confederate Army: Major
General George Washington Custis Lee (graduated
first in West Point class of 1854), eldest son
of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anne Custis Lee; General
William Henry Fitzhugh Lee,
second son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anne Custis
Lee; Captain
Robert Edward Lee, Jr.,
youngest son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Anne
Custis Lee, and the sixth of their seven children;
General
Fitzhugh Lee,
nephew of Robert E. Lee; Brigadier
General Edwin Gray Lee,
second cousin of Robert E. Lee.
Recommended
Reading:
Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction
(816 pages). Description:
Pulitzer Prize winning author, James McPherson, Battle
Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era and For
Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War ,
describes the causes and origins
of the Civil War; motivations and experiences of common
soldiers and the role of women; social, economic, political
and ideological conflicts; as well as a comprehensive
study of the Reconstruction Era and its consequences.
Continued below...
Professor
McPherson also includes many visual aids such as detailed
maps and comprehensive charts. “A must have for
the Civil War buff!”
Recommended
Reading:
The South Was Right!
(Hardcover).
Description: Kin Hubbard said "'Tain't
what a man don't know that hurts him; it's what he does
know that just ain't so." Much of what people "know" about
the causes, conduct, and consequences of the Civil War
"just ain't so." The Kennedy brothers make a strong case
that the real reasons and results of the War Between the
States have been buried under the myth of Father Abraham
and his blue-clad saints marching south to save the Union
and free the slaves. Sure, the tone is polemical. But
the "enlightened" elements of American opinion have been
engaging in a polemic against the South and its people
for decades… This book adopts the "following the
money approach" to analyzing who profited most from slavery
– a convincing argument that reflects that much
of the wealth went to the North. It also points out that
slavery was not new to Africa,
and was practiced by Africans against Africans without
foreign intervention. A strong case is made that the North
and Lincoln held strong racist views. Continued below...
Lincoln proposed shipping,
or transporting, blacks back to Africa… The blacks
residing in the Northern states were in a precarious predicament
(e.g. draft riots and lynchings in NY City). The authors,
however, do not make any argument supporting slavery -
their consistent line is the practice is vile. The fact
that many blacks served, assisted and provided material
support to Union and
Confederate Armies is beyond refute. Native Americans
also served with distinction on both sides during the
Civil War. “A
controversial and thought-provoking book that challenges
the status-quo of present teachings…”
"I
apprehend that if all living Union soldiers
were summoned to the witness stand, every one of them would
testify that it was the preservation of the American Union
and not the destruction of Southern slavery that induced
him to volunteer at the call of his Country. As for the
South, it is enough to say that perhaps eighty percent of
her armies were neither slave-holders, nor had the remotest
interest in the institution...both sides fought and suffered
for liberty as bequeathed by the Fathers--the one for liberty
in the union of the States, the other for liberty in the
independence of the States." Reminiscences of the Civil
War, by John B. Gordon, Maj. Gen. CSA
(General
Gordon was shot 5 times during the Battle
of Antietam but did not die until January
9, 1904. Regarding General
John Gordon, President Theodore Roosevelt stated, "A more
gallant, generous, and fearless gentleman and soldier has
not been seen by our Country.")
"A
great majority of the people were poor and had no interest
in slavery,
present or prospective. But most of them had little mountain
homes and, be it ever so humble, there is no place like
home...but when the Federal army occupied East
Tennessee and threatened North
Carolina..." Lt.
Col. William W. Stringfield:
Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North
Carolina in the Great War 1861-'65, Vol., 3, p. 734.
Recommended
Reading: For Cause and Comrades: Why
Men Fought in the Civil War. Description:
Professor James McPherson posits that the common
rank-and-file soldiers did indeed hold political and ideological
beliefs that prodded them to enlist and to fight. His
research is based on letters and diaries from 1,076 Union
and Confederate soldiers that reveal many motivations,
but always lead back to duty, honor, and a cause worth
dying for. For Cause and Comrades is a fascinating
exploration of the 19th-century mind--a mind, it seems,
that differs profoundly from our own.
Recommended Reading:
Confederates
in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War.
Description:
Pulitzer Prize-winning
journalist Tony Horwitz returned from years of traipsing
through war zones as a foreign correspondent only to find
that his childhood obsession with the Civil War had caught
up with him. Near his house in Virginia,
he happened to encounter people who reenact the Civil
War--men who dress up in period costumes and live as Johnny
Rebs and Billy Yanks. Intrigued, he wound up having some
odd adventures with the "hardcores," the fellows who try
to immerse themselves in the war, hoping to get what they
lovingly term a "period rush." Horwitz spent two years
reporting on why Americans are still so obsessed with
the war, and the ways in which it resonates today. Continued
below...
In
the course of his work, he made a sobering side trip to
cover a "murder that was provoked by the display of the
Confederate flag," and he spoke to a number of people
seeking to honor their ancestors who fought for the Confederacy.
Horwitz has a flair for odd details that spark insights,
and Confederates in the Attic is a thoughtful and
entertaining book that does much to explain America's
continuing obsession with the Civil War.
Secession:
Constitution and Legality
No
one has ever proven secession to be either constitutional
or unconstitutional. The question never reached the United
States Supreme Court, which would be the only lawful arbiter.
The outcome of the Civil War did decide that secession was
not lawful AT THAT TIME, in that it was tried and it failed
to succeed. If it is tried again and this time the attempt
is successful, then it will be "lawful" for the time being.
But in the end, only a court decision can decide the matter.
It is pretty ambiguous. (This excerpt is from a letter William
C. Davis wrote to me and the caps and quotations are his).
secede secession
Jack
Davis, aka William C. Davis
Jack
is the senior consultant for 52 episodes of the History
Channel's "Civil War Journal" (A&E Television
Networks). Davis has twice been nominated
for the Pulitzer Prize in History and is the only three-time
winner of the Jefferson Davis Award given for book-length
works on Confederate history.
Recommended
Reading:
Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession,
and the President's War Powers, by James
F. Simon (Simon & Schuster) (Hardcover). Review From Publishers
Weekly: This surprisingly taut and gripping
book by NYU law professor Simon (What Kind of Nation)
examines the limits of presidential prerogative during
the Civil War. Lincoln and Supreme Court Chief Justice
Roger Taney saw eye to eye on certain matters; both,
for example, disliked slavery. But beginning in 1857,
when Lincoln
criticized Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case,
the pair began to spar. They diverged further once Lincoln
became president when Taney insisted that secession
was constitutional and preferable to bloodshed, and
blamed the Civil War on Lincoln.
In 1861, Taney argued that Lincoln's suspension
of habeas corpus was illegal. This holding was, Simon
argues, "a clarion call for the president to respect
the civil liberties of American citizens."
In
an 1862 group of cases, Taney joined a minority opinion
thatLincoln
lacked the authority to order the seizure of Southern
ships. Had Taney had the chance, suggests Simon, he
would have declared the Emancipation Proclamation unconstitutional;
he and Lincoln agreed that the Constitution left slavery
up to individual states, but Lincoln
anrgued that the president's war powers trumped states'
rights. Simon's focus on Lincoln and Taney makes for
a dramatic, charged narrative—and the focus on
presidential war powers makes this historical study
extremely timely.
Recommended
Reading:
One Nation, Indivisible? A Study
of Secession and the Constitution. Description:
Is secession legal under the United States Constitution?
"One Nation, Indivisible?" takes a fresh look at this
old question by evaluating the key arguments of such anti-secession
men as Daniel Webster and Abraham Lincoln, in light of
reason, historical fact, the language of the Constitution,
and the words of America's Founding Fathers. Modern anti-secession
arguments are also examined, as are the questions of why
Americans are becoming interested in secession once again,
whether secession can be avoided, and how an American
state might peacefully secede from the Union.
Continued below…
"The
federal government's growth of power at the expense of
individuals and natural human communities has been the
trend so long now that it has seemed inevitable. But thoughtful
people of late have been rediscovering the true decentralist
origins of the United
States. Robert Hawes
states the case beautifully for the forgotten decentralist
tradition - which may be our only hope for the preservation
of freedom."
Recommended
Reading: Look
Away! A History of the Confederate States of America, by William C. Davis. Review:
The military history of the Civil War is well known. The
political history of the era, and especially of the South,
is less documented, a gap that William Davis's Look Away!
admirably addresses. Although the rhetoric of secession
was democratic, invoking the ideals of the American Revolution
and its classical forebears, Southern politics was directed
by members of a small, self-serving aristocracy. And though
the Confederate government advanced what then and now
might be thought to be radical proposals (for one, that
the postal service had to be self-supporting within two
years of its founding), it was intolerant of dissent;
the South's leaders, Davis writes, even barred a constitutional
provision "recognizing the right of a state to secede."
Continued below…
The
natural result, Davis shows,
was widespread resistance, including the development of
a peace movement and of political groups loyal to the
old Union. At the end
of the war, Davis
writes, "Confederate democracy had gone and would not
be seen again--but the oligarchies had survived." Davis's
study affords new and inviting views on the Civil War,
and, it not only compliments, but makes a fine addition
to any American history and Civil War buff library.
Recommended
Reading:
Battle Cry of Freedom: The
Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States)
(Hardcover: 904 pages). Description: Published in 1988 to universal
acclaim, this single-volume treatment of the Civil War
quickly became recognized as the new standard in its field.
James M. McPherson,
who won the Pulitzer Prize for this book,
impressively combines a brisk writing style with an admirable
thoroughness. James McPherson's fast-paced narrative fully
integrates the political, social, and military events
that crowded the two decades from the outbreak of one
war in Mexico
to the ending of another at Appomattox.
Packed with drama and analytical insight, the book vividly
recounts the momentous episodes that preceded the Civil
War including the Dred Scott decision, the Lincoln-Douglas
debates, and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. It flows
into a masterful chronicle of the war itself--the battles,
the strategic maneuvering by each side, the politics,
and the personalities. Particularly notable are McPherson's
new views on such matters as Manifest Destiny, Popular
Sovereignty, Sectionalism, and slavery expansion
issues in the 1850s, the origins of the Republican Party,
the causes of secession, internal dissent and anti-war
opposition in the North and the South, and the reasons
for the Union's victory.
The
book's title refers to the sentiments that informed both
the Northern and Southern views of the conflict. The South
seceded in the name of that freedom of self-determination
and self-government for which their fathers had fought
in 1776, while the North stood fast in defense of the
Union founded by those
fathers as the bulwark of American liberty. Eventually,
the North had to grapple with the underlying cause of
the war, slavery, and adopt a policy of emancipation as
a second war aim. This "new birth of freedom," as Lincoln
called it, constitutes the proudest legacy of America's
bloodiest conflict. This authoritative volume makes sense
of that vast and confusing "second American Revolution"
we call the Civil War, a war that transformed a nation
and expanded our heritage of liberty. . Perhaps more than
any other book, this one belongs
on the bookshelf of every Civil War buff.
Recommended
Reading:
The Real Lincoln: A New Look
at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War.
Description: It hardly seems possible that
there is more to say about someone who has been subjected
to such minute scrutiny in thousands of books and articles.
Yet, Thomas J. DiLorenzo’s The
Real Lincoln manages to raise fresh and morally
probing questions, challenging the image of the martyred
16th president that has been fashioned carefully in marble
and bronze, sentimentalism and myth. In doing so, DiLorenzo
does not follow the lead of M. E. Bradford or other Southern
agrarians. He writes primarily not as a defender of the
Old South and its institutions, culture, and traditions,
but as a libertarian enemy of the Leviathan state.
DiLorenzo
holds Lincoln and his war
responsible for the triumph of "big government" and the
birth of the ubiquitous, suffocating modern U.S.
state. He seeks to replace the nation’s memory of
Lincoln as the “Great
Emancipator” with the record of Lincoln as the “Great
Centralizer.”
Recommended Reading:
Lincoln Unmasked: What You're Not
Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe. Description: While many view
our 16th president as the nation’s greatest president
and hero, Tom Dilorenzo, The
Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda,
and an Unnecessary War, through his scholarly
research, exposes the many unconstitutional decisions
of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln Unmasked, a best-seller,
reveals that ‘other side’ – the inglorious
character – of the nation’s greatest tyrant
and totalitarian. A controversial book that is hailed
by many and harshly criticized by others, Lincoln Unmasked,
nevertheless, is a thought-provoking study and view of
Lincoln that was not
taught in our public school system. (Also
available in hardcover: Lincoln
Unmasked: What You're Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest
Abe .)
Related Reading:
Editor's
Picks for the causes and origins of the Civil
War. This list, moreover, includes both
Northern and Southern views.
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